autologous stem cell transplant definition

The patient's own stored stem cells are then transfused into his/her bloodstream, where they replace destroyed tissue and resume the patient's normal blood-cell production. The patient is then treated with high-dose chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy with the intention of eradicating the patient's malignant cell population at the cost of partial or complete bone marrow ablation (destruction of patient's bone marrow's ability to grow new blood cells). Graft types Autologous Īutologous HSCT requires the extraction ( apheresis) of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the patient and storage of the harvested cells in a freezer. In 2014, according to the World Marrow Donor Association, stem-cell products provided for unrelated transplantation worldwide had increased to 20,604 (4,149 bone-marrow donations, 12,506 peripheral blood stem-cell donations, and 3,949 cord-blood units). The Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation reported the millionth transplant to have been undertaken in December 2012. The main indications for transplant were lymphoproliferative disorders (55%) and leukemias (34%), and many took place in either Europe (48%) or the Americas (36%). Of these, 28,901 (57%) were autologous and 21,516 (43%) were allogeneic (11,928 from family donors and 9,588 from unrelated donors). In 2006, 50,417 first HSCTs were recorded worldwide, according to a global survey of 1,327 centers in 71 countries conducted by the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Non-myeloablative, so-called mini transplant (microtransplantation) procedures, have been developed requiring smaller doses of preparative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, allowing HSCT to be conducted in the elderly and other patients who would otherwise be considered too weak to withstand a conventional treatment regimen. Other conditions treated with stem cell transplants include sickle cell disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, chronic granulomatous disease, Hodgkin's disease and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. Candidates for HSCTs include pediatric cases where the patient has an inborn defect such as severe combined immunodeficiency or congenital neutropenia with defective stem cells, and also children or adults with aplastic anemia who have lost their stem cells after birth. Many recipients of HSCTs are multiple myeloma or leukemia patients who would not benefit from prolonged treatment with, or are already resistant to, chemotherapy. Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (relapsed, refractory).Hodgkin lymphoma (relapsed, refractory).Indications for stem-cell transplantation are: See also: List of conditions treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation The spectrum of target antigens associated with tumor immunity and alloimmunity after allogeneic HSCT: Host-derived T and B cells can be induced to recognize tumor-associated antigens, whereas donor-derived B and T cells can recognize both tumor-associated antigens and alloantigens. As survival following the procedure has increased, its use has expanded beyond cancer to autoimmune diseases and hereditary skeletal dysplasias, notably malignant infantile osteopetrosis and mucopolysaccharidosis. HSCT remains a dangerous procedure with many possible complications it is reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. Infection and graft-versus-host disease are major complications of allogeneic HSCT. In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation.

It is most often performed for patients with certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. It may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an identical twin). Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation ( HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood in order to replicate inside of a patient and to produce additional normal blood cells.

Autologous stem cell transplant definition